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Social Policy and the Welfare State

Submitted: October 30th, 2018 Reviewed: November 2nd, 2018 Published: November 28th, 2018

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82372

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Abstract

The developments and changes in the social life have led to change in the social needs. Therefore, problems and their solutions also alter. The industrial revolution which realized in the eighteenth century had some important impacts non only on the economic life only also on social structure. It was aimed to solve social problems and ensure prosperity through social policies, which is a multidisciplinary field, and consequently, the concept of welfare land emerged. The states, which had liberal concerns and traditional protection functions and reached a powerful position with their internationalist approaches, underwent a transformation flow because of the economic and social developments which took place in the last quarter of the twentieth century. It has been discipline of criticism that states increased the social expenses to satisfy the social needs and therefore caused an economic crunch in this period when the furnishings of globalization were discussed. In this study, the alter and transformation process in the welfare states and their social policies at the global scale will be handled conceptually and from the historical development perspective. Making determinations virtually the past and present, also equally having assumptions for future, this written report aims to contribute to literature.

Keywords

• social policy
• welfare state
• globalization
• welfare
• social welfare

• Esra Dundar Aravacik*

  • Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Healthcare Institutions Management Department, Health Law, Izmir Katip Celebi Academy, Turkey

*Accost all correspondence to: esra.dundar@ikc.edu.tr

ane. Introduction

Social policy is an inclusive disciplinary, which means to provide solutions to accost needs of social life. Social bug change based on economic and environmental factors. These changes also differ based on social construction and country policies.

The historical background of social policies is in parallel with important events in the human history. An important cornerstone in the world history, industrial revolution, is an economic revolution on 1 side, only it increased the social issues on the other side. From industrial perspective, societies can be regarded as preindustrial gild, industrial social club, and postindustrial gild. It is also possible to say that social policies that provided solutions to social bug as well changed based on the conditions of the menses.

It is seen that traditional methods were used to satisfy social needs, and the groups in need of protection were tried to be protected through social help and services in the preindustrial period.

The period which began with the industrial revolution caused varied social problems as from the 2d half of eighteenth century. Seeking solutions to accost the poverty and social imbalance, which were caused by the industrialization, social policy tried to make rest between economy and social policies. The migrations to industrialized regions with the touch of industrialization caused new professions, negative life and work atmospheric condition, and poverty. In the confront of this change in the demographic construction, states adopted the liberal economic understanding equally a solution. Free marketplace economy that emerged equally a outcome of concerns that state interventions would damage economical and social balances helped a part of society to accept welfare but caused workers who constituted the majority of society to impoverish. Liberal economy understanding's failure to ensure social welfare resulted in criticisms and the ascension of neoliberal approaches.

The fact that liberal country understanding's limited approach caused negative results on social policies led adopting a more interventionist and regulating state model. Considering social expectations that the state should meet social needs increased, the state got a new graphic symbol to solve social issues. Affected by the wars which bankrupt out in the first one-half of twentieth century and 1929 economic crisis, the concept of state inverse in favor of social policies. With Keynesian economical approach, information technology paved the mode for more inclusive interventions and adopted "welfare land" arroyo. However, also affected past globalization, the interventionist approach of welfare land to ensure economic and social welfare failed to ensure economic growth, and the position of country was discussed again.

In this new catamenia, where the increase of social expenditures and taxes was perceived as a threat, it was suggested that the social responsibilities of the state should be reduced. The crises kickoff in 1970s and the issues which increased with the effect of globalization led to a transformation in the welfare state. The crisis of welfare state and the constantly increasing discussion nearly the role of state to determine social policies caused states to plunge into new quests.

Although the quests for the welfare state of Golden Historic period were dissimilar, it is possible to say that the bones attitudes were neoliberal attitudes like increasing the effectiveness of local administrations, leaving ensuring welfare ton on profit organizations, and leaving social services to private sector. Therefore, the Welfare State mode that emerged with industrial revolution was restructured with the "Information Age" and globalization which emerged in the last quarter of twentieth century. In this period, social policies are adamant past ceremonious society, international, and supranational organizations instead of traditional means, and social policy understanding turns into new forms.

In spite of all criticisms, welfare land still regulates and implements social policies today. Exposed to some transformations and to some extent replaced by neoliberal policies as a result of changes acquired by the globalization and data historic period, the welfare state is predicted to proceed its existence in new forms and remains as an important power to regulate social policies in hereafter.

In this study which has been fabricated under the light of this data and predictions, first of all, the conceptual foundations, targets, and means of social policy will be explained with the factors which paved the mode for its emergence in the historical process. After that, the concept of welfare state and the furnishings and events, which paved the mode for its emergence, volition exist handled in the historical process. Welfare state crunch and globalization will be explained under different headings and determinations, and predictions volition be made about today and future, discussing their impact on the social policy.

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two. The subject of social policy

Social policy is referred to equally "social policy" in Continental Europe, but it is referred to as "social welfare policy" in the North American literature. Some authors argue that these 2 concepts have the same meaning but some others argue that social policy is a frame concept which encompasses various policies, including social welfare policy [1].

Differences regarding the definition of social policy also arise from periodic conditions. To Wagner, social policy means the measurements taken past land to protect workers, while to Kessler, it means the movements and struggles of social class and country'south attitude against this struggle. To Lauber, social policy is a set of measurements taken at national level in club to change and regulate the financial and cultural life conditions in a definite period of time. Albrech defines social policy as all measures and institutions that are taken to protect the part of lodge which is in need of economic protection and to ensure social security and peace [two]. Marshall defines social policy equally a set of policies developed by country to ensure welfare in order that it obtains service and income. Hagenbuch asserts that social policy is an endeavor to make certain that individuals have minimum standards and opportunities.

In narrow sense, social policy is an mental attitude to address the disputes, imbalances, and conflict of interests betwixt employers and employees and to ensure harmony betwixt classes in backer systems [3, 4, 5]. In narrow sense, the aim of social policies is to detect solutions for the problems emerging in industrials societies. From this perspective, information technology serves ensuring the social justice for ending the social inequalities that have been caused by the industrial revolution in social policy. In narrow sense, information technology represents the policies for making a balance between labor and capital because information technology encompasses only problems of worker and labor classes [six]. These policies too include the provision of social justice.

In narrow sense, political policy approaches the working life as the basic element that can explicate the lodge. In this context, it also deals with issues such as wages, working conditions, merchandise unionism, and collective bargaining [seven].

In a broad sense, the concept of social policy means comprehensive practices which accost not only the issues and needs of working class but likewise those of the other segments of order [eight]. With a definition from this perspective, it is possible to say social policy bailiwick addresses the bug of urbanization, environment, health, and educational activity and those of all segments of lodge such equally workers, the disabled, the elders, children, and immigrants. In a board sense, social policy emerged together with the concept of welfare state afterward World War II. Therefore, social policy includes health services, social security, city, surroundings, and struggling against unemployment and poverty that bear on social welfare. In a broad sense, the concluding target of all these practices is to ensure social peace, social justice, and equality betwixt different groups [ix].

Social policy is determined on the basis of redistribution. The regulatory and distributive view of policies serves to ensure that everyone living in club has social freedoms and equal opportunities [10]. Ensuring the welfare of each private is the chief objective of the state and other organizations that are social policy practitioners.

The members of club have such needs as education, social security, health services, and housing. Social policy aims to ensure the welfare of individuals through legislative regulations. Because social policy is affected by social developments, it changes based on the needs of individuals. Country makes new regulations based on needs. It is possible to brand separate regulations for those who are in need of protection from social policy perspective for children and youth, for the disabled, for families with low income, and for the elders.

The factors which bear upon and decide social policy are not just the needs of social club and individuals simply as well are ideological movements, law-breaking rates, unemployment, media, politics, industrial groups, and violence, such economic factors every bit debit and recession and the nature of welfare country (social democratic, liberal, etc.) [11].

Social policy can be defined equally an area consisting of decisions taken with the participation of many individuals and parties, which is put in forcefulness subsequently the state determines its basis [12]. In that location is a mutual interaction between social policy and economical policies [3]. Thus, the evolution of a land is non possible only through economical growth but besides by achieving a fair and counterbalanced growth to solve social problems. From this perspective, the problems in economy and those in social policy need to exist handled together.

2.1 Principles and concepts of social policy

To achieve its goals, social policy needs to have some principles regarding the policies information technology will determine.

The social policy, which is put in strength by the state and other institutions, affects the welfare of society straight. A land's regulations regarding welfare need to exist determined by analyzing its social policies. The subjects and bones principles related with social policies are social needs and social problems, equal rights and social justice, efficiency, disinterestedness and choice, altruism, reciprocity and obligation, and division, difference, and exclusion [13].

Welfare state should provide some rights to the people. These are elaborated beneath.

• Equality: Achieving equality underlies social policies. Resources demand to exist distributed adequately in order to accomplish equality. Equality has unlike types: equal result, equal opportunity, or equal treatment.

• Equal opportunity: Information technology means that equal groups should be treated equally. Equal opportunity needs to be given to people regardless of their sexual activity or grouping. Moreover, all people must accept the aforementioned opportunities in educational system or in the labor market.

• Need: Bones needs are food, caring, and housing. Needs are not express, and information technology is not certain which needs should be covered past states.

• Freedom and rights: At that place are different types of rights. Civil rights hateful the absence of arbitrary arrest and detention but having freedom to discuss any stance. Social rights mean social welfare and social security, right to educational activity. Political rights include voting and joining political parties and freedom to explicate opinion in a democratic way.

All of these rights are provided by welfare state. The individuals who live in guild are spring to land through the bail of citizenship. He/she has the correct to request the state to which he/she is a citizen to make policies which pave the manner to provide him/her the rights he/she has. From this perspective, the citizenship concept plays an of import role in determining the state's obligations and rights of individuals every bit a part of social policies.

The main goal of social policies is to ensure that anybody in gild lives in harmony, afar from conflicts. Thus, the target is to ensure social justice, social evolution, social balance, social integration, and social peace [seven].

• Thanks to social justice , everyone in society will have equal rights in the face of equal risks. In this style, the inequalities and differences caused by the economic chances are eliminated. All the policies that ensure that anybody has fair opportunities with regard to income, taxes, wages, education, and social security contribute to the development of social justice.

• Ensuring the social balance is possible if everyone in society lives in harmony and balance. Therefore, social differences need to be reduced. Particularly the differences and inequalities, with regard to opportunities, of the individuals living in different regions cause this residuum and harmony to deteriorate. It is one of the main objectives of social policy practitioners to eliminate the differences regarding the evolution level and to ensure that everyone benefits from the same social services.

• Social peace is ensured through policies aimed at eliminating the factors that atomic number 82 to the deterioration of the residue within the social structure. Especially in the capitalist organisation, the social differences created by the free market can hinder solidarity throughout the society. For the creation of a club dominated past harmony and reconciliation, policies should be implemented in order to eliminate the negative effects on the psychology of society.

• Social integration refers to the minimization of political and economical factors that negatively bear on unity and solidarity in society. Teaching, civilization, and moral values are issues that affect social resolution in this sense.

• Achieving the goal of social democracy, it is possible to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals in democratic club with the legal order in the framework of democratic freedoms. The goal of democracy must be achieved in gild to protect the individuals' rights to work and participate.

2.two History of social policy

The social policy, which is considered to have emerged every bit a effect of the economic and social developments in the nineteenth century, started to become meaningful with the industrial revolution. Equally a event of the change in economic relations with the industrial revolution, social changes became inevitable. With the industrial revolution, increased product gave rise to the need for more labor. The dominance of capital owners on the labor market increased even farther through the liberalization of merchandise.

In a period when the liberal market economy approach (Laissez-faire) was adopted, the dominant opinion was that government interventions would negatively touch the free market [14]. The belief that a market created without intervention would enrich the people, on the ane hand, ensured the enrichment of the owners of capital and, on the other manus, caused the labor sector to get poor. The poverty faced past children and women hurts humanitarian feelings [15]. Increasing poverty during this period when no intervention was made to workers' wages and working conditions caused the social problems to increase and thus the rapid evolution of social policies.

Every bit a result of liberal approach in the economy, ii opposing sections have emerged in society: the bourgeois class who are the uppercase owners and working class who are the labor holders. The reduced of wages, poor working conditions, and long working hours have led to social problems in the labor course and to class conflicts. In the nineteenth century, social policies were applied to solve the social problems created by the liberal economy understanding of the country. Providing social peace and justice through the intervention of the state in the working life, working relations, and wages is inevitable.

With the social reform movements that began in England and Canada between 1880 and 1920, social policies turned into a descriptive approach from the prohibitive approach [1]. In this approach, the country was criticized that its office in the work life was express and rigid, and it was suggested that the land should regulate social conditions in gild to eliminate the negativities in the piece of work life. In this period, in that location was an opinion that the role of the land in social policies should increase, in the backer developed countries, such as France, Germany, and the USA.

Consequently, the emergence of social policy in the modern sense is attributed to social conditions created by French Revolution in intellectual-political sphere and those created by industrial revolution in the social and economic spheres [sixteen].

Afterward World State of war Ii, liberal economic approaches in adult countries were abandoned, and Keynesian policy arroyo was adopted with the belief that the land should intervene in social policies. Some other important factor in the adoption of this approach is the 1929 economic crisis and its negative consequences. After the industrial revolution, the scope of social policies expanded, and non only the bug of labor sector but too those of the whole society were addressed. All of the problems such as health services, elderly and child care, struggle against unemployment and poverty, participation of women in working life, protection of the surround, and gender discrimination became bug for which the state struggled nether social policy.

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three. Toward welfare country

The concept of welfare land emerged in 1930s and 1940s. Unlike the concept of state which was adopted during World State of war Ii and which aimed for providing sufficient money to cover the demand of army in far, welfare state aims at providing social policy, health services and thus providing social needs [17].

Welfare land concept gains different aspects in different countries co-ordinate to their cultural, social, political, and economical legacies and historical developments. Welfare country aims at providing welfare of the individual citizens. Co-ordinate to the demands of labor market and civil lodge, welfare state intervenes in the economy.

Although in that location are many definitions about the welfare country, Asa Brigg defines it as follows: "It is a kind of state in which consciously organized public power is used to reduce the office of market forces." Information technology is accustomed inside the scope of the role of the welfare land to provide a minimum income guarantee to individuals and families, to facilitate the prevention of sure social risks, and to offering proficient living conditions to individuals in society through social welfare [18].

Another definition of the welfare country is that "information technology is a contemporary country understanding that undertakes the duty to ensure a fair income distribution, protect the groups and classes in demand of protection, straight the social security practices and employment policies, practise the politicize to meet the bones requirements of guild such every bit teaching, health, and housing and takes measures for regulating the working life, cheers to the tax and wage policies it follows" [19].

3.1 History of welfare land

The difficulties were faced with regard to making definition of the welfare state and justifying its historical evolution. As mentioned above, each and every land has a unlike national social security arrangement, a different social structure, and thus, different needs. Moreover, welfare land determines the policies that are required by the economic, social, and cultural conditions and put in force the legislative regulations accordingly.

The development process of welfare land tin can be handled past categorizing in three periods. The commencement period was between 1870 and 1913, in other words from the late seventeenth century when the industrial revolution took place to early nineteenth century. The adjacent period was the fourth dimension betwixt World War I and World War II and the time period between 1950 and 1973 when is referred to as the "Golden Age of Welfare States." Welfare country inverse with the economic crises which realized after 1973. This menstruum is referred to as "Welfare State Crisis" and refers to the period up today.

The emergence of welfare country dates back to 1601, when Poor Laws were put in force in UK. In this menstruation, nearly of men were recruited for war. When they turned back habitation, they lived the residuum of their life without any social security or protection but under risks. 1601 Poor Law was the first legislative initiative to protect the elders, patients, and wounded people in the society. All the same, this legislative regulation was not sufficient considering the residuum of society was as well in need of protection. Another legislative regulation was made in 1834 as a result of economical and social force per unit area and because of the developments at the time. This is the kickoff of the stigmatizing furnishings of social policy. In the following periods, the effects of Adam Smith'due south free market economy started to change the state policies and legislative regulations not only in UK but likewise in other countries.

Welfare state really emerged after World State of war II. Along Globe War I, all countries spent all of their resource for war. After Globe War I, it was understood that John Maynard Keynes arroyo was not sufficient for creating chore opportunities and reviving public economy. After the war, it was believed that a second war could be prevented by means of creating job opportunities and providing new working and life standards.

With 1942 Social Security study (Social Insurance and Allied Services), Lord William Beveridge aimed at creating a health system, providing minimum income and decreasing employment rates. After the war, Beveridge's opinions were evaluated together with Keynes arroyo for creating a national welfare for UK [20]. Distrustfulness of liberalism urged countries for plunging into new quests.

States faced new social risks between 1870 and 1913. These risks were increase of aging population, pension payments, diseases, occupational diseases, and accidents. In 1880s, Bismarck made some efforts in order to provide social security. Reform efforts made by Bismarck aimed at providing a protection through social security confronting the risks of industrial revolution, low income, and population movements. The long working hours and heavy working atmospheric condition increased poverty and socialist movements. With these developments, the regulations covering disease insurance in 1883, work accident insurance in 1884, and sometime-age and disability insurance in 1889 were put in force.

Bismarck'due south reform movement aimed at establishing a arrangement not merely under the state but as well with back up of employers and employees. According to this, the arrangement had three dimensions: employer'due south responsibilities, private investments, and private insurance. This organisation also accepted the intervention by state. Therefore, it possible to say that the economic and political structures and, consequently, social policies of other countries started the change later on Bismarck's reform.

Post-obit Bismarck's reform, many legislative regulations were put in forcefulness for the diseases and injuries acquired by industrialization. No similar regulations and rules had been put in force in Western European Countries until 1913.

Because of industrialization, the changes in social demographic structure, and increasing pressures in nineteenth century in European states, the realization of welfare state gained speed. Public sector and economy had a rapid development in Red china, Brazil, and Russian federation. Between 1950 and 1973, when it is known as the golden historic period of welfare state, the intervention of state gradually increased with the Keynesian approach which was adopted for solving the problems caused by the free marketplace economic system. However, Keynesian policies caused states to go into crises after 1970s. High tax rates, increasing public expenditures, and states' intervening markets were cited as the reasons for the crisis. In this period, when the proportion of social expenditures to public expenditures was gradually increasing, former-age, motherhood, injury, and death insurances were accepted in many countries. In improver, unemployment insurance and family aids were also regulated in more adult countries [21].

The welfare state has been undergoing a transformation since 1975. The state intervention which increased with 1929 economic crisis was replaced with a system in which the land shrined later the oil crisis betwixt 1973 and 1979. In this catamenia, states adopted the opinion that states should be less interventionist with regard to making economic and social policies. It is observed that the upkeep arrears which was acquired by the force per unit area of social expenditures increased in this period when unemployment became chronic, inflation rate increased, and economic growth decreased especially in Western European countries.

Neoliberal approach which emerged in this flow was adopted as a new form of liberalism, a issue of solution seeking against Keynesian policies [22]. As a result of fierce competition caused by economic crises, a new period started in late 1970s, and in that period, Keynesian welfare land went through a crisis.

With globalization, welfare state that had stability in economic growth equally well as skillful work weather condition and price offers ended, and a new catamenia in which nation states had less authority started. These developments which also affected social policies led to adoption of neoliberal approach for decreasing social expenditures. States started restructuring and new reforms in order to re-start economic growth. In the last xx years, many countries have made regulations to decrease social expenditures. Yet again, in many countries, public expenditures take not decreased, instead, they take increased. The reasons of this condition are not only economic reasons and developments but also the reasons caused past the change of demographic structure like crumbling population and the changing family structure. As mentioned above, economic policies and social policies have mutual interactions. Information technology is obvious that the changes in economic policies as well touch social policies, and no i is independent of the other.

On the other hand, the economic condition of welfare state is not only related with individual behaviors only also related with social security organization to be accepted for labor market and social welfare. The contradiction between labor market place and land intervention has all the same to exist solved [17].

Welfare country continues to develop. State still plays an important role in determining social policies. It is possible to say that not but economic indicators but too the changes taking place in demographic and social construction play role in determining the policies of welfare state.

The welfare country aims at redistributing income and thus plays an interventionist and regulatory role. It takes measures to eliminate negativity in working life. It determines the minimum wage, undertakes social security and welfare services, and intervenes by taxes and other expenditures to eliminate injustices in income distribution [23, 24].

The welfare state is expressed as the deepened and extension of the classic protective country [25]. The welfare country, whose last stage reached has been by the modern state, is no longer a "spectator state," just information technology is a "player state" [19].

All of the definitions regarding welfare land include the mentality to protect those who have poor economic and social conditions. This protection can be done through social policies. Therefore, welfare country's intervention for the sake of eliminating the negative conditions, which is required to be washed by the welfare state and achieve the goals of social policies, is advisable and required.

Although the duties and scope of each welfare state modify based on each country's social, cultural, economical and demographic weather; basically, they include ensuring the protection of children, the disabled, families, the elders and women, creating jobs, providing pedagogy and vocational training, struggling against poverty and low income, and improving the working conditions.

Considering the practices of the welfare state, various distinctions have been fabricated on the basis of services and expenditures to ensure social welfare. The most important written report about this issue has been fabricated by Gosta Esping-Andersen. Esping-Andersen classifies welfare country systems as follows:

• Liberal welfare model which is skillful by USA and United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland

• Conservative and Continental Europe model which is skillful by Germany, France, and Belgium

• Social Autonomous Scandivian Model which is practiced by Sweden and Kingdom of denmark [26, 27].

The welfare land, emerging as a response to the search for solutions to address the inequalities and negativities created by the industrial revolution, is a new grade of the liberal land. Because the liberal approach threatening social interests due to the fact that capital and markets were not interfered and the socialist approach that kept the interests of the working class at the highest level were not sufficient to meet the social needs, the welfare state emerged as a system to overcome the problems of both of these systems.

Regarding the welfare state, it is possible to make the following determinations regarding the period until the beginning of the process of globalization and neoliberalism [28].

• The residual approach evolved and replaced past with an institutional approach.

• Demanding social welfare has turned into a human right arising from being a denizen.

• While it was an understanding of service to meet the needs of only poor, it has turned into universal service to meet the needs of the whole order.

• It left from a limited welfare budge to large welfare expenditures.

• The agreement that such bug equally poverty and unemployment are not because of the mistakes done by individuals but because of inadequacy of the state and its institutions.

• Making efforts to accept responsibility for providing social welfare has shifted from volunteer individuals and institutions to public institutions.

The economic crises experienced after the 1970s acquired problems and criticized the Keynesian welfare state. Budget deficit was one of the problems that were faced due to the increment in unemployment, the subtract in economic growth, and the increment in retirement age and health expenditures due to the aging of the population. The criticism and fence about the welfare state are that all the negative, economical, social, and political problems are acquired past the social policy practices of the welfare country.

Long-term consideration of demographic changes and the impact of globalization on the welfare state have opened new avenues for argue and discussion nigh the welfare state'due south future development [17]. The important point is providing people welfare for the welfare states.

Criticisms about the welfare land are:

• Poverty and unemployment rates have not been reduced, and social welfare policies take not been successful

• The opportunities provided for welfare cause negative effects on family structure, increment divorce rates, and deteriorate moral values

• It has increased the taxes put on income and capital

• Social expenditures have increased [28, 29].

Welfare states have begun to develop new policies and restructure due to the problems that institute the source of criticisms of social policy. Although it is claimed that the welfare state has a tendency to get back due to economical and financial pressures, it is possible to say that the welfare state continues to make efforts to adapt with the new conditions.

iii.2 Globalization

The transformations which have taken identify in social policy and welfare state tin can be explained under the shade of globalization. In 1998s and 1990s, privatization and marketization had an touch on for some of conservative governments. The governments had more liberal approach to civil club and economic system policy.

Globalization reveals a free market economic system, liberal commonwealth, and cultural differences in the process leading to a holistic world economy [30]. Globalization process gained momentum later 1980. In this procedure which was based on economic liberalization, the neoliberal model became dominant and the idea that state should carelessness its active role in social policies was adopted. In some developed countries, which had been practicing the neoliberal model, social policy implementations began to lose their importance, and they were completely neglected in less developed countries.

The effects of globalization became more than axiomatic at the end of the twentieth century, and the welfare state had less intrusive character with regard to taking measures for social protection due to the pressure acquired by social expenditures and increased taxes. With the adoption of the ascendant view that social expenditures hampered economic growth, the shrinking of welfare states and reduction of its function on social policies gained momentum. Due to the increasing competition between the welfare states, poverty and unemployment have increased, and injustices have emerged in the distribution of income [21].

The narrowing of social welfare state practices in the procedure of globalization acquired social rights to be restricted. Liberal agreement limits the state's duties with the provision of security, justice, and infrastructure. Country shrinks through liberalization. The possibility of the deterioration of the rest betwixt capital and labor, which was tried to be established later on the industrial revolution, threatens those who are in need of social protection. The increasing unemployment rate is one of the near important threats.

In the process of globalization, contrary to their liberal philosophy, the states that turned into neoliberal models needed to farther develop their social policy practices. Developments show that, reverse to expectations, the model adopted in the procedure of globalization deepens the problems of social policies further.

The impacts of globalization on the welfare state model and social policies are evaluated from four different perspectives, which are:

• According to Mishra; globalization eliminates the independence of nation states. Economic growth is the sole target. International wage inequality and poverty increase due to economic pressures, and social protection is weakening. Welfare of nation states decreases with neoliberal policies [31].

• According to Pierson, globalization lonely is non the reason for the reduction of the power of welfare states. As an external power, globalization may require renewal in the structuring of states, only this restructuring should non be a reduction of social policies. In this process, states should also take into business relationship the internal effects such equally demographic, migration, and social developments and determine on the restructuring process appropriately [32].

• Co-ordinate to Esping-Anderson, nation states should adopt more than balanced practices on the axis of globalization. Nation states with potent economic and political structures should prefer the most harmonious practices for their own future while guiding globalization [27].

• According to Rieger and Leibfried, globalization emerged as a event of efforts of the nation states to reduce the negative furnishings of war with the liberal model. The economies of nation states are independent of the global economy; therefore, the restructuring process and the institution of relevant policies should be evaluated in this respect [33].

The causes of the crisis of the welfare country in developed countries are globalization which is an external gene and internal variables which are related to the social structures of states. Ane of these reasons is the demographic structure, which has inverse because of the crumbling population, prolongation of life, and decreasing nascence rates. In add-on, family structure has changed, divorces accept increased, public expenditures, pension and wellness expenditures, and taxes accept increased, and economic growth has declined. The competitive ability of the countries in the international arena has decreased due to the increase in the expenditures of the welfare state to ensure social welfare. Having been in search of providing solution for the elimination of the financial pressures caused past the expenditures related to increased welfare, the welfare states have entered into a restructuring process.

In the restructuring and surviving process, the financial pressure level was tried to be eased through the privatization of the pension system, raising the retirement age, increasing the premiums, and reducing the financial pressure.

With the shrinkage in the welfare land, the provision of welfare services has also inverse. The service provision which had been performed by the state has been given through local administrations at local level, and information technology has been left to the nonprofit organization, which means information technology has been "privatized" [28].

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4. Futurity of the welfare state and social policy

It seems difficult to foresee the future country of welfare state conspicuously because of variables. Welfare land changes based on social, economic, cultural, and demographic structures of states. It does not seem possible to provide financing of welfare statement with traditional methods. Particularly 2008 financial crisis, welfare state had a view that a system in which the master player is the state is not sufficient for economic growth. The increasing unemployment is an obstacle for the welfare country growth. Moreover, the population of many states is getting older, and the demographic structure is changing. Labor markets need to be supported, new jobs need to be created, and employment needs to be increased. Therefore, states determined their policies. Public expenditures are increasing due to increasing pension payments with the aging population.

The expectations that welfare land provides welfare are increasing more and more. The approaches for providing welfare are different. Some states adopt liberal approaches, some states adopt corporatist and some others adopt universal approaches. In recent years, the belief that economical policies are not sufficient for achieving a welfare state only that welfare country needs to exist achieved through social policies has been increasing.

Although many arguments have been raised in discussions on the future of the welfare land, it is possible to say that the rightist and leftist views are more than dominant.

• The rightists contend that the welfare state can overcome the crisis only past shifting to neoliberal policies. They also fence that the obligatory change that took identify in the industrial revolution is also valid for the Information Age which emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century and that social policies need to be adult past the supranational organizations afterward the change of welfare state.

• For the leftists, they contend that welfare states have the ability to accommodate themselves changing conditions; and therefore, they tin can overcome the crunch through reforms and restructuring. It is suggested that the neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted instead of the neoliberal approach in the reform procedure.

Every bit an alternative to these views, neoliberals and conservatives have made new initiatives under the name of "New Right," and social democrats and social liberals have made new initiatives under the name "The Tertiary Way" [21].

Furthermore, the legitimacy of the welfare state was questioned by both The New Correct and The New Left. The New Left criticized the state's role was too weak compared to the markets, and a reformulation of the state's office in societal development was needed. The New Right is focused on the role of bureaucracy and pressure groups. According to their opinion, guild's welfare is more than important than hierarchy and pressure groups' interests [17].

The globalization, which has been cited equally a reason for the transformation of the welfare state and social policies, increases its influence with the participation of international organizations such as World Bank, Globe Health System, and International Budgetary Fund [13, 34, 35]. Nation states should implement policies in economic and social spheres not based on external processes just based on internal dynamics. Every bit stated above, although they have similar features, each country has dissimilar applications for social protection. Here, the main important thing is to determine the impacts of alter on demographic and cultural structures of the countries and make intervention properly. In summary, it is the choice of national political government to present the effects of globalization as the simply reason for their national policies. Instead of this perspective, it would be a more realistic approach to endeavour to benefit from the positive impacts of globalization for reducing problems at the national level. By this way, it would be possible to develop more than effective tools to foreclose the increasing social problems.

Welfare states are still developing. States are in search for better work and life conditions. They want to have social security systems which cover all social risks. From this perspective, information technology is possible to say that there is not a real crunch in welfare states, but at that place are efforts to remove obstacles before the economical growth.

Welfare states demand to make regulations to decrease unemployment rates, taxes, and public expenditures because of the decline in economic growth [17]. There seems to be a tendency for narrowing in social policies because the proportion of social expenditures in public expenditures is loftier.

Reform initiatives to reduce the welfare crises in the welfare states have led to giving more than importance to "active social protection" understanding in social policy implementations [36]. These practices, which were put into exercise in 1990s and which aimed to be agile in the labor marketplace, were based on regulations that encourage working and restricting passive expenditures. In gild to reduce the passive expenditures, the catamenia of benefiting from social benefits was shortened, and their weather were made difficult. When the bear upon of the reform implementations on social expenditures is evaluated, information technology is seen that poverty of children has increased and the works for giving family aids and providing vocation education have been insufficient. It is obvious that retirement historic period and health expenditures will go along to increase due to the aging population. It is possible to say that the increase of passive expenditures due to the aging of the population constitutes an obstacle before realization of active and passive reforms [37].

Every bit a result, welfare states go along to exist in different means. The developments evidence that the view that social rights, freedoms, and ideological thoughts are non sufficient to achieve the economic growth. It is possible to say that the welfare states having this view will follow impartial policies about making social expenditures in hereafter years.

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5. Conclusions

In this study, the social policy and the welfare country are handled with their goals, scopes, types, and problems from their historical development up to today.

Social policy is a set of measures developed to protect workers against the dangers arising as a result of industrialization, in parallel to the historical development, after the industrial revolution. Its emergence in this way has caused the social policies to be defined in a narrow sense. After World State of war Two, the narrow perspective on social policy began to change. The reason of this modify was the fact that the measures to protect the interests of the working class were not sufficient to solve social problems. Therefore, it was concluded that social policy should be extended to cover all segments of society. In a wide sense, social policy is a fix of measures taken to ensure that all segments of the society alive in peace and harmony to prevent unemployment, to improve working conditions, to provide a minimum wage, to provide social security and benefits, to eliminate injustice in income distribution, and to ensure social justice. Social policy refers to all policies that ensure the welfare of the country and individuals and the dynamic practices that constantly change.

The master goal of social policies is to ensure that everyone in society lives in peace and harmony away from conflicts. With social policies, information technology is aimed to ensure social justice, social development, social residue, social integration, and social peace.

The goal of social justice is to create equality of opportunity for every private without eliminating the freedoms and to ensure a fair distribution of income. In detail, objective of justice is to provide services such as education, tax, social security, equal opportunities, and off-white and acceptable wages. Providing social balance is possible by eliminating social and regional differences. For the establishment of social peace, the factors that hinder social reconciliation must be eliminated. The aim of social integration is to ensure that measures are taken to prevent social disintegration. Social democracy, which has been adopted as the chief objective of social policy, refers to the protection of individuals' interests in the environment of democratic freedoms by taking into account the balance of equality.

The industrial revolution played an important role in the historical evolution of social policies. After the industrial revolution, the increased capital ensured the formation of a powerful and rich bourgeoisie. On the other hand, the need for manpower was met by ways of the working class. The gap betwixt these ii segments in society gradually increased. With the power from capital, the suburbia class began to impose low wages, poor working atmospheric condition, and working hours of up to xvi–20 hours on workers. The working class was left totally unprotected with the adoption of a liberal approach which argues that interference with market weather adversely affects welfare. The increasing social problems led to the formation of social policies. The liberal market economic system, which was replaced with Keynesian policies after Earth State of war 2 and 1929 economical crunch, was given upward, and thus, the country could interfere with market by ways of social policies.

Although there are many definitions of the welfare state, it is possible to say "It is a kind of country in which consciously organized public power is used to reduce the role of market place forces." Shifting from a liberal model to Keynesian model of welfare land, states adopted a more interventionist grapheme from economic, social, and legal points of view. Dating dorsum to 1880s, the welfare state continued to strengthen until the mid-1970s due to the increased unemployment and spread of poverty in all countries.

The concept of welfare state entered into literature with the Beveridge Written report, which was created in 1942. Looking at the foundations of the concept of welfare state, it is possible to say that it dates back to social security practices introduced by Bismarck in 1883. Welfare state emerged offset in Germany and then in Western Europe, North America, and Australia. The common feature of these countries was that they had industrialization and developed market economies and democratic systems. Republic of korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan, which underwent a further industrialization procedure, started to be accepted as welfare states in the 1970s. Nippon had completed this process earlier. While in that location were attempts to become a welfare state in the Soviet Union subsequently the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the efforts to become a welfare state began later in China, Cuba, and Eastern Europe but they did non achieve an achievement with this regard because they had no industrialization.

Social policy, which emerged as a result of failure of the social bug created by the liberal economy approach, was replaced with the concept of welfare state afterward the adoption of social security practices introduced past Bismarck in Germany.

The social state adult policies non only in the areas of wellness, education, social security, distribution of income, and housing simply too sought solutions to environmental and urban problems in order to ensure social welfare. The welfare land varies from country to state according to the level of welfare they have. According to the classification made by Esping-Anderson, liberal welfare model belongs to conservative Continental Europe, while the social democratic model belongs to Scandinavians.

It is possible to say that the welfare state, which was developed to eliminate the deficiencies of the liberal and socialist understanding in welfare, is a new grade of liberal model. In this sense, it acts with an interventionist approach to solve the problems that may arise in the field of social policy.

The Keynesian welfare country stated to have a tendency to narrow social expenditures due to the decrease of economical growth, unemployment, and increased budget deficits later on the economical crises seen in the 1970s.

The criticism that the welfare state's practices for welfare were unsuccessful was justified based on allegations that poverty and unemployment increased, taxation and social expenditures constituted a large burden, and the family and moral structure in the society changed unfavorably.

Welfare state's tendency to plow dorsum retrogressively is most likely to accept a negative touch on on social policies. The fiscal pressures caused by social expenditures may cause the welfare country to take on a passive character as in the liberal menstruation in the face of social problems and cause social policies to regress.

This retrogression in the welfare is justified with globalization process, which has started to bear witness its effects since the late 1970s. The understanding of globalization which is accompanied by liberalization suggests the limitation of the duties of the land. This situation may cause deeper problems in the social field. Although globalization had an impact on the welfare state equally an external factor, it is likewise necessary to evaluate the internal factors related to the socioeconomic and demographic structures of the states in the emergence of the crisis.

Demographic structure that inverse because of the aging of the population, prolongation of life bridge, and decreasing birth rates tin be shown as a reason for the crisis of the welfare state in developed countries. In addition, the family structure inverse, public expenditures, pension and health expenditures, and taxes increased, and economic growth decreased. The competitive power of the welfare country decreased due to the increase in expenditures made to ensure social welfare. The welfare states, which are in search of a solution for the elimination of the fiscal pressures caused past the expenditures related to increased prosperity, have entered into a restructuring procedure. In the process of restructuring and surviving, the financial pressure was tried to be eased through the privatization of the retirement system, raising the retirement age, and increasing the premiums. During the restructuring procedure, the privatization initiatives were accelerated past providing the social welfare service through local administrations at local level.

There are many views on the future of the welfare land. Rightists who provide solutions to overcome the crisis argue that the neoliberal approach should be adopted, while leftists fence that neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted.

In today's world, the concept of welfare state is transforming and the economical pressures created by globalization have a tendency to narrow social policies. Based on the fact that the reason for the transformation in the welfare land is non just globalization, each state should develop policies and tools that are the virtually appropriate for its social structure to adapt it to the transformation process. In fact, when we look at the practices of the welfare states in the world, information technology is possible to say that the effects of the crisis differ co-ordinate to the level of development and welfare. Some of the welfare states go on to undertake initiatives to reduce public expenditures but they fail to satisfy the expectations particularly because of the demographic structure. It is impossible to reduce the health and retirement expenditures because of the increasingly aging population.

The reform initiatives to reduce the crisis in the welfare states in the 1990s adopted the "active social protection" understanding, which aimed at activation by keeping the work force in labor market active in social policy practices. In order to reduce the passive expenditures, the menses of benefiting from social benefits was shortened, and their atmospheric condition were fabricated hard. Considering OECD data, it is seen that the activation efforts fail short to satisfy the expectations. On the other manus, it is seen that family and care support are not provided enough, and kid poverty increases. Activation of practices is implemented by many countries. It can be said that the time passed is not enough to give a decision whether the activation efforts have positive furnishings. Even so, information technology is articulate that retirement and health expenditures will continue to increase due to the aging population.

Inflation, tax, and public expenditures need to be reduced in gild that the welfare state continues its beingness and economic growth and increases its competitiveness. In Europe, where there is tradition of social solidarity, at that place is a tendency that the welfare state continues. With the back up of international organizations such as Imf, OECD, and World Bank, welfare states transfer the distribution of social services to the private sector. All the same, welfare services are yet planned past the country, and many services are still provided by the land.

Despite all these developments, it is possible to say that the welfare state has an agile office on social policies and welfare states are resistant to the economical negativities experienced. In our opinion, reducing social expenditures should exist the last resort in the reform initiatives of states to reach growth in the hereafter periods of transformation of the welfare state. The strategies to be established in this way should exist determined in lite of the following points:

• Non deviating from the goal of achieving ultimate welfare in the transferring of services to the private sector and preserving the regulatory, descriptive character of the state

• Encouraging the private sector with regard to distribution of social services

• Making use of the increasing of voluntary organizations and local governments with regard to the provision of social services

• Restructuring to reduce expenditures other than social aid expenditures

• Attaching importance to giving child intendance coin to families and importance to young people's vocational didactics, because the obstacles caused by the demographic construction

• Reducing the burden of unemployment in public social spending by producing solutions that can prevent the increasing and deepening unemployment in the world

• Reducing the inflation and tax

• Non because decreasing the spending on social welfare as a tool for economic growth and determining the economic strategies on this footing

• Utilizing the developments on a global scale in favor of the social welfare country and adopting strategies in line with the positive furnishings of globalization and making cooperation with international and supranational organizations in this procedure

In the low-cal of all these points, information technology is possible to say that in the future, the governments adopting approaches compromising social policies in order to reach economic growth volition lead to the reaction of the gild who has the expectation of social welfare. On the other hand, achieving welfare without deviating from the goals of social policy will besides vary according to united states' ability to adapt themselves to changes and developments and reconstructing appropriately.

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Written Past

Esra Dundar Aravacik

Submitted: October 30th, 2018 Reviewed: Nov 2nd, 2018 Published: November 28th, 2018

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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